Roles Played by Public Sector in Indian Economy
Here we detail about the following nine important roles played by public sector in Indian economy, i.e., (1) Generation of Income, (2) Capital Formation, (3) Employment, (4) Infrastructure, (5) Strong Industrial Base, (6) Export Promotion and Import Substitution, (7) Contribution to Central Exchequer, (8) Checking Concentration of Income and Wealth, and (9) Removal of Regional Disparities.
1. Generation of Income:
Public sector in India
has been playing a definite positive role in generating income in the economy.
The share of public sector in net domestic product (NDP) at current prices has
increased from 7.5 per cent in 1950-51 to 21.7 per cent in 2003-04. Again the
share of public sector enterprises only (excluding public administration and
defence) in NDP was also increased from 3.5 per cent in 1950-51 to 11.12 per
cent in 2005-06.
2. Capital Formation:
Public sector has been
playing an important role in the gross domestic capital formation of the
country. The share of public sector in gross domestic capital formation has
increased from 3.5 per cent during the First Plan to 9.2 per cent during the
Eighth Plan. The comparative shares of public sector in the gross capital
formation of the country also recorded a change from 33.67 per cent during the
First Plan to 50 per cent during the, Sixth Plan and then declined to 21.9 per
cent in 2005-06.
But the Public sector
is not playing a significant role in respect of mobilization of savings. The
share of public sector in gross domestic savings increased from 1.7 per cent of
GNP during 1951-56 to only 3.6 per cent during 1980-85. During 1980s, the share
of public sector in gross domestic savings declined from 16.2 per cent in
1980-81 to 7.7 per cent in 1988-89.
In this connection
Narottam Shah observed, “The failure of the public sector contributes only 21
per cent of the nation’s savings; that also in part, through heavy taxation and
semi-fictitious profits of the Reserve Bank. The remaining 79 per cent of the
nation’s savings came
from the private sector.” Again the share of public sector in
gross domestic savings increased from 4.78 per cent in 1990-91 to 6.61 per cent
in 2005-06.
3. Employment:
Public sector is
playing an important role in generating employment in the country.
Public sector employments are of two categories, i.e:
(a) Public sector
employment in government administration, defence and other government services
and
(b) Employment in
public sector economic enterprises of both Centre, State and Local bodies. In
1971, the public sector offered employment opportunities to about 11 million
persons but in 2003 their number rose to 18.6 million showing about 69 per cent
increase during this period.
Again in 2003, the
public sector offered employment opportunities to 18.6 million persons which
was 69 per cent of the total employment generated in the country as compared to
71 per cent employment generated in 1991. However, there is considerable
decline in the annual growth rate of employment in the public sector from 1.53
per cent during 1983-1994 to 0.80 per cent during 1994- 2004.
Moreover, about 69.0
per cent of the total employments are generated in the public sector. Moreover,
at the end of March 2004, about 51.7 per cent of the total employment (i.e.
about 96 lakh) generated in public sector is from Government administration,
community, social and personal services and the remaining 48.3 per cent (i.e.,
nearly 89.7 lakh) of the employment in public sector is generated by economic
enterprises run by the Centre, State and Local Governments.
The maximum number of
employment is derived from transport, storage and communications (28.1 lakh).
The public sector manufacturing is the next industry which generated employment
to the extent of 11.1 lakh persons.
4. Infrastructure:
Without the development
of infrastructural facilities, economic development is impossible. Public
sector investment on infrastructure sector like power, transportation,
communication, basic and heavy industries, irrigation, education and technical
training etc. has paved the way for agricultural and industrial development of
the country leading to the overall development of the economy as a whole.
Private sector investments are also depending on these infrastructural
facilities developed by the public sector of the country.
5. Strong Industrial base:
Another important role
of the public sector is that it has successfully build the strong industrial
base in the country. The industrial base of the economy is now considerably
strengthened with the development of public sector industries in various fields
like—iron and steel, coal, heavy engineering, heavy electrical machinery,
petroleum and natural gas, fertilizers, chemicals, drugs etc.
The development of
private sector industries is also solely depending on these industries. Thus by
developing a strong industrial base, the public sector has developed a suitable
base for rapid industrialization in the country. Moreover, public sector has
also been dominating in critical areas such as petroleum products, coal,
copper, lead, hydro and steam turbines etc.
6. Export Promotion and Import Substitution:
Public sector
enterprises have been contributing a lot for the promotion of India’s exports.
The foreign exchange earning of the public enterprises rose from Rs. 35 crore
in 1965-66 to Rs. 5,831 crore in 1984-85 and then to Rs. 34,893 crore in 2003-
04. Thus, the export performance of the public sector enterprises in India is
quite satisfactory.
The public sector
enterprises which played an important role in this regard include—Hindustan
Steel Limited, Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT) Limited, Bharat Electronics Ltd.,
State Trading Corporation (STC) and Metals and Minerals Trading Corporation.
Some public sector enterprises have shown creditable records in
achieving import substitution and thereby saved precious foreign exchange of
the country. In this regard mention may be made of Bharat Heavy Electricals
Limited (BHEL), Bharat Electronics Ltd., Indian Oil Corporations, Oil and
Natural Gas Commission (ONGC). Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. (HAL) etc. which have
paved a successful way tor import substitution in the country.
7. Contribution to Central Exchequer:
The public sector
enterprises are contributing a good amount of resources to the central
exchequer regularly in the form of dividend, excise duty, custom duty,
corporate taxes etc. During the Sixth Plan, the contribution of public
enterprises to the central exchequer was to the tune of Rs. 27,570 crore.
Again this contribution
has increased from Rs. 7,610 crore in 1980-81 to Rs. 18,264 crore in 1989-90
and then to Rs. 85,445 crore in 2003-04. Out of this total contribution, the
amount of dividend contributed only 2 to 3 per cent of it.
8. Checking Concentration of Income and Wealth:
Expansion of public
sector enterprises in India has been successfully checking the concentration of
economic power into the hands of a few and thus are redressing the problem of
inequalities of income and-wealth of the economy. Thus, the public sector can
reduce this problem of inequalities through diversion of profits for the
welfare of the poor people, undertaking measures for labour welfare and also by
producing commodities for mass consumption.
9. Removal of Regional Disparities:
From the very beginning
industrial development in India was very much skewed towards certain big port
cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. In order to remove regional
disparities, the public sector tried to disperse various units towards the
backward states like Bihar, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh. Thus, considering all
these foregoing aspects it can be observed that in-spite of showing poor
performance, the public sector is playing dominant role in all-round
development of the economy of the country.
Comments
Post a Comment